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"00:15:00.259 --> 00:15:02.425And so neverwould the word "heat"00:15:02.425 --> 00:15:05.134appear anywhereon the death certificate.00:15:05.134 --> 00:15:06.758- So are you suggestingthat there were actually00:15:06.758 --> 00:15:10.259more deathsthan are accounted for?00:15:10.259 --> 00:15:10.883- Oh, yes.00:15:10.883 --> 00:15:15.175I couldn't see how the numberwouldn't be bigger than 525,00:15:15.175 --> 00:15:17.009so we added upthe total number00:15:17.009 --> 00:15:19.299of people who diedduring July,00:15:19.299 --> 00:15:21.050and we subtractedthis baseline00:15:21.050 --> 00:15:23.883of the expected numberof deaths per day,00:15:23.883 --> 00:15:28.299and the number came outto be 726.00:15:28.299 --> 00:15:29.259[cursor beeping]00:15:29.259 --> 00:15:34.299And so they're arguingabout whether 525 was too big,00:15:34.299 --> 00:15:38.175and I now am sayingit's much too small.00:15:38.175 --> 00:15:40.550- The immensityof the death toll00:15:40.550 --> 00:15:43.050got summed up by this image.00:15:43.050 --> 00:15:47.050Not what you expect to seein a suburban cemetery00:15:47.050 --> 00:15:48.925in America's heartland.00:15:48.925 --> 00:15:50.050- 41 people were buried00:15:50.050 --> 00:15:52.299in a potter's fieldnear Chicago today,00:15:52.299 --> 00:15:54.300forgotten victimsof this summer's00:15:54.300 --> 00:15:55.633deadly heat wave.00:15:55.633 --> 00:15:57.341Their bodies had lainsince July00:15:57.341 --> 00:16:00.217in the county morgue,unclaimed.00:16:00.465 --> 00:16:05.006- We hadthe memorial service here.00:16:05.006 --> 00:16:07.340Claude Sanders.00:16:07.340 --> 00:16:09.423William Reedsville.00:16:09.423 --> 00:16:10.839Lydia Payne.00:16:10.839 --> 00:16:13.839John Kensinger.00:16:13.839 --> 00:16:15.839Joe Stone.00:16:15.839 --> 00:16:18.048Helen Stegman.00:16:18.048 --> 00:16:20.215Richard Jones.00:16:20.215 --> 00:16:22.257Jose Melina.00:16:22.257 --> 00:16:23.674Mildred00:16:27.215 --> 00:16:30.799[dramatic theme musicplaying]00:16:30.799 --> 00:16:31.17300:16:31.173 --> 00:16:32.549- There are somestunning new figures00:16:32.549 --> 00:16:33.674from the ChicagoHealth Department,00:16:33.674 --> 00:16:37.173dramatically increasingthe already tragic death toll00:16:37.173 --> 00:16:38.048from July's heat wave,00:16:38.048 --> 00:16:41.131adding more than 200to the original total.00:16:41.131 --> 00:16:44.549- The final death tally: 739,00:16:44.549 --> 00:16:49.340the equivalent of twojumbo jets crashing in midair.00:16:49.340 --> 00:16:51.757Did you feel a sense of outrage00:16:51.757 --> 00:16:54.048at that numberwhen it came out?00:16:54.048 --> 00:16:57.590- I want to answer thisvery carefully.00:16:57.881 --> 00:17:00.799James Baldwin saidto be black in America00:17:00.799 --> 00:17:04.298is to be enragedalmost all of the time,00:17:04.298 --> 00:17:06.549and so in that spirit,00:17:06.549 --> 00:17:08.839I'm enragedalmost all of the time.00:17:08.839 --> 00:17:11.839I am of that generation,so yes, I was enraged.00:17:11.839 --> 00:17:13.839Was I surprised or shocked?00:17:13.839 --> 00:17:16.006No, I know what happensduring heat waves,00:17:16.006 --> 00:17:19.340and I could see that the citywas not responding accordingly.00:17:19.340 --> 00:17:21.839And even if the cityhad responded00:17:21.839 --> 00:17:23.757in a more appropriate way,00:17:23.757 --> 00:17:25.839we would have seen differences,00:17:25.839 --> 00:17:28.839hopefully not as great,between poor communities00:17:28.839 --> 00:17:31.549that are under-resourcedand communities00:17:31.549 --> 00:17:33.549that are better resourced.00:17:33.549 --> 00:17:36.507- This is a mapthat has two things00:17:36.507 --> 00:17:38.173going on at the same time.00:17:38.173 --> 00:17:40.881We've put the circlesin those communities00:17:40.881 --> 00:17:43.549that have the highestpoverty rates,00:17:43.549 --> 00:17:46.382and then we've shaded inthe communities00:17:46.382 --> 00:17:50.839that had the highest mortalityrates from the heat.00:17:50.839 --> 00:17:51.839And as you can see,00:17:51.839 --> 00:17:53.215they're almost perfectoverlaps.00:17:53.215 --> 00:17:55.507So the question is,did people die of the heat,00:17:55.507 --> 00:17:57.215or did they dieof the social conditions00:17:57.215 --> 00:17:59.839in these neighborhoods,and the answer is both.00:17:59.839 --> 00:18:01.839I mean, had the heatnot occurred,00:18:01.839 --> 00:18:03.840they wouldn't have diedthat week.00:18:03.840 --> 00:18:04.840That's for sure.00:18:04.840 --> 00:18:07.840But they would have diedtoo soon anyway.00:18:07.840 --> 00:18:13.83900:18:13.839 --> 00:18:15.173- I mean, the beginningof this project,00:18:15.173 --> 00:18:18.298I decided I was gonnakind of adapt this phrase00:18:18.298 --> 00:18:20.423that the coroners use,which is to say00:18:20.423 --> 00:18:22.923that we study death00:18:22.923 --> 00:18:28.048in order to better understandand protect life.00:18:28.881 --> 00:18:32.340- While researching his book,Eric Klinenberg discovered00:18:32.340 --> 00:18:35.757that Cook County had collectedthe personal effects00:18:35.757 --> 00:18:38.465of the unclaimed heat victims.00:18:38.465 --> 00:18:40.674Their things are nowkept in boxes00:18:40.674 --> 00:18:43.465in a sprawlingstorage facility.00:18:44.340 --> 00:18:46.507- A very small bed.00:18:46.507 --> 00:18:48.632I don't see any windows.00:18:48.632 --> 00:18:51.965You can tellit's a very tiny room.00:18:52.881 --> 00:18:55.839And look at this contrast00:18:55.839 --> 00:18:58.340of the decorated war veteran00:18:58.340 --> 00:19:02.090and the 85-year-oldsenior citizen.00:19:02.090 --> 00:19:05.423It reminds us how easy it is,in some way,00:19:05.423 --> 00:19:06.839to fall through the cracks00:19:06.839 --> 00:19:10.839and go from beingan honored soldier00:19:10.839 --> 00:19:13.715or a close relativeto being someone00:19:13.715 --> 00:19:18.590who is discovered aloneon a hot summer day.00:19:18.590 --> 00:19:21.757These files are fullof stories like this.00:19:26.839 --> 00:19:29.423- When it came timefor Mayor Daley and his team00:19:29.423 --> 00:19:30.674to takethe life-and-death lessons00:19:30.674 --> 00:19:34.465from the 1995 heat wave,they didn't concern themselves00:19:34.465 --> 00:19:37.839with human storiesor data-driven maps.00:19:37.839 --> 00:19:42.632Instead they createda task force.00:19:44.715 --> 00:19:46.090- When the mayor organizeda commission00:19:46.090 --> 00:19:48.632to study the heat waveand release a report,00:19:48.632 --> 00:19:51.840it said things like,"Every neighborhood in Chicago00:19:51.840 --> 00:19:53.923was affectedby the heat wave. Can we expand the definition of disaster to include socially patterned deprivation? A searing yet quirky investigation into the naturall disasters were willing to see and prep WebCooked: Survival by Zip Code is a story about a severe example of environmental injustice. In 1995 Chicago was hit by a record-breaking heat wave, so hot that the lives of 739 residents were lost in a single week; mostly poor, African-American, and elderly residents. 739 citizens of Chicago died in a heat wave in a single week, most of them The film questions existing policy as it explores a slow-motion disaster that continues to disrupt and shorten the lives of Chicago residents in neighborhoods like Englewood, a district ravaged by pernicious poverty, social isolation, and racism. 00:00:15.999 --> 00:00:17.999What's the best wayto prepare for disaster?00:00:19.134 --> 00:00:22.967It's a question a lot of usare asking these days,00:00:22.967 --> 00:00:25.299as the planet heats upand we find ourselves00:00:25.299 --> 00:00:29.425facing one unprecedenteddisaster after another.00:00:29.425 --> 00:00:32.009- One dollar. 
Cook County hosted a limited public screening of the documentary, COOKED: Survival By Zip Code, with a panel discussion and live Q&A on Thursday, Why I selected this filmThroughout the film Cooked: Survival by Zip Code, filmmaker Judith Helfand argues that there is an inextricable connection between environmental injustice and racism as she explores the impact of the 1995 Chicago heat wave that caused hundreds of deaths. Web30s. Free shipping. Sharing is caring! You okay?00:02:57.550 --> 00:02:58.508- Are you okay?- Yeah.00:02:58.508 --> 00:03:00.508- Okay.- And Judy's with me. [laughs]00:22:21.923 --> 00:22:23.839- Here you go right here!00:22:23.839 --> 00:22:27.54900:22:27.549 --> 00:22:28.839- Turning it back off now.00:22:28.839 --> 00:22:31.839- Why y'all wantto turn it off for?00:22:32.382 --> 00:22:35.090[indistinct chatter]00:22:37.715 --> 00:22:44.42300:22:46.274 --> 00:22:47.523- A decade afterthe heat wave,00:22:47.523 --> 00:22:50.107Eric Klinenberg was stilltrying to get people00:22:50.107 --> 00:22:53.439to learn the core lessonof that disaster.00:22:53.439 --> 00:22:56.107- Ten years ago,more than 700 Chicagoans00:22:56.107 --> 00:22:56.982died in the heat wave,00:22:56.982 --> 00:22:59.439but you say that's notreally the entire story?00:22:59.439 --> 00:23:01.940What you wanted to knowwere the underlying00:23:01.940 --> 00:23:03.857social, human dimensionsto this, right?00:23:03.857 --> 00:23:04.982- That's right,we have this term,00:23:04.982 --> 00:23:07.439a natural disaster,that we're all familiar with.00:23:07.439 --> 00:23:08.731There's certainlynothing natural00:23:08.731 --> 00:23:09.481about the way they died.00:23:09.481 --> 00:23:13.107What I'm more concerned aboutis our collective failure00:23:13.107 --> 00:23:15.940to addressthat everyday crisis,00:23:15.940 --> 00:23:18.149the disaster in slow motion,if you will.00:23:18.149 --> 00:23:20.940And my biggest concern nowis that if we refuse00:23:20.940 --> 00:23:22.690to come to termswith this crisis,00:23:22.690 --> 00:23:26.232we'll doom ourselvesto experience it again.00:23:26.232 --> 00:23:28.107[dramatic music]00:23:28.107 --> 00:23:29.898- And we did.00:23:29.898 --> 00:23:32.065Just six weeksafter that interview,00:23:32.065 --> 00:23:35.523the crisis we refused to cometo terms with in Chicago00:23:35.523 --> 00:23:41.232repeated itself in New Orleansand all along the Gulf Coast.00:23:41.232 --> 00:23:45.64800:23:45.648 --> 00:23:48.731Like millions of others,I spent that Labor Day weekend00:23:48.731 --> 00:23:54.315watching whole neighborhoodsdisappear underwater.00:23:55.731 --> 00:23:57.439- We're gonna talkabout something else00:23:57.439 --> 00:23:58.523before the show's over too,00:23:58.523 --> 00:24:00.857and that's the big elephantin the room:00:24:00.857 --> 00:24:03.440the race and economic classof most of the victims,00:24:03.440 --> 00:24:07.065which the media hasn'tdiscussed much at all.00:24:07.439 --> 00:24:11.648- What had seemed to me to bea one-time tragedy in Chicago00:24:11.648 --> 00:24:15.690all at once becamean appalling trend.00:24:15.690 --> 00:24:17.898And this movie,which started out00:24:17.898 --> 00:24:20.439being about onespecific heat disaster,00:24:20.439 --> 00:24:24.773turned into something morecomplicated and uncomfortable,00:24:24.773 --> 00:24:27.357about the impactof generations' worth00:24:27.357 --> 00:24:29.523of racism and denial.00:24:29.523 --> 00:24:32.523- What's the guesstimate costof rebuilding those levees?00:24:32.523 --> 00:24:37.731- The bill is $2.9 billion,which will give us--00:24:37.731 --> 00:24:39.274send us a long wayto, you know,00:24:39.274 --> 00:24:40.606repairing and upgradingthe levees,00:24:40.606 --> 00:24:42.315making them realCategory 3 protection,00:24:42.315 --> 00:24:45.439which apparently they weren't,we learned the hard way.00:24:45.439 --> 00:24:51.43900:24:51.439 --> 00:24:52.439- Back in Chicago,00:24:52.439 --> 00:24:54.815where it was predictedthat by 2050,00:24:54.815 --> 00:24:57.190the weather would feel morelike Baton Rouge,00:24:57.190 --> 00:25:01.107Mayor Daley inaugurated hisofficial climate action plan,00:25:01.107 --> 00:25:05.023starting witha $2.5-million project00:25:05.023 --> 00:25:07.523built on top of City Hall.00:25:07.523 --> 00:25:08.773- So what you'll seebehind me here00:25:08.773 --> 00:25:11.565is actually the green roofon City Hall.00:25:11.565 --> 00:25:14.023We're 12 storiesabove the city,00:25:14.023 --> 00:25:16.232and as you can tell,it's kind of like a prairie.00:25:16.232 --> 00:25:17.523I mean, you can hearthe crickets.00:25:17.523 --> 00:25:18.940You can see the butterflies.00:25:18.940 --> 00:25:21.648There are birdsthat live up here.00:25:21.648 --> 00:25:24.357So what we've done here--we've created00:25:24.357 --> 00:25:26.439an urban heat island map.00:25:26.439 --> 00:25:28.107We can see the hot spots,00:25:28.107 --> 00:25:30.232and then we plant treesin those areas,00:25:30.232 --> 00:25:33.149'cause one mature treehas the air-conditioning effect00:25:33.149 --> 00:25:36.399of 12 room-sizeair-conditioners.00:25:36.399 --> 00:25:41.898So these strategies providereal cooling of the city.00:25:41.898 --> 00:25:49.23200:25:54.399 --> 00:25:58.399- You know, we're prettyfar away from City Hall.00:25:58.690 --> 00:26:01.898You know, I don't knowabout any rooftop gardens00:26:01.898 --> 00:26:03.940out here.00:26:03.940 --> 00:26:07.31500:26:07.315 --> 00:26:08.731This is the blockthat I lived on00:26:08.731 --> 00:26:14.439from the time I was 1 or 2years old till I was about 14.00:26:14.439 --> 00:26:18.439Used to be a church herethat burned down.00:26:18.439 --> 00:26:21.065Used to be a house here.00:26:22.439 --> 00:26:26.565This house was next doorto where we lived,00:26:26.565 --> 00:26:29.481and we lived right here.00:26:29.982 --> 00:26:35.439And this whole blockwas full of houses.00:26:35.439 --> 00:26:39.06500:26:39.065 --> 00:26:40.190Summer day like today,00:26:40.190 --> 00:26:43.149when I was growing uparound here,00:26:43.149 --> 00:26:46.274would be full of people,kids playing,00:26:46.274 --> 00:26:48.815adults comingto and from work.00:26:48.815 --> 00:26:52.357It was justa vibrant place to be.00:26:54.023 --> 00:26:56.439There were two movie theaters.00:26:56.439 --> 00:26:58.481There was a Sears store.00:26:58.481 --> 00:27:00.065Hillman's grocery store.00:27:00.065 --> 00:27:02.399I used to get the listfrom my mom,00:27:02.399 --> 00:27:05.690and I'd walk up hereand get whatever she wanted.00:27:05.690 --> 00:27:08.98200:27:08.982 --> 00:27:13.023It's just beenan incredible 50-plus years00:27:13.023 --> 00:27:17.232of watching what happensto a community.00:27:17.232 --> 00:27:18.98200:27:18.982 --> 00:27:21.439If the heat wave happenedwhen I was growing up,00:27:21.439 --> 00:27:25.481I think the outcome wouldhave been a lot different.00:27:25.481 --> 00:27:27.773When it got really hot,people would sleep00:27:27.773 --> 00:27:31.357on the back porchor sleep in the park.00:27:31.565 --> 00:27:33.690People felt much safer.00:27:33.940 --> 00:27:35.481I mean,imagine going from feeling00:27:35.481 --> 00:27:36.857like you can go sleepin the park00:27:36.857 --> 00:27:41.274to feeling like you can't evenput a fan in your window.00:27:46.023 --> 00:27:47.440- Yeah.00:27:47.440 --> 00:27:51.399Just acres of vacant land.00:27:51.606 --> 00:27:54.274Acres of potential.00:28:00.399 --> 00:28:02.439- Orrin told methat much of the vacant land00:28:02.439 --> 00:28:05.023on the South and West Sidesof the city00:28:05.023 --> 00:28:08.523can be traced backto another map00:28:08.523 --> 00:28:09.439this one created00:28:09.439 --> 00:28:12.149by the Federal HousingAdministration00:28:12.149 --> 00:28:13.439in 1940.00:28:13.439 --> 00:28:15.898The neighborhoodswhere black people had settled00:28:15.898 --> 00:28:19.439were shaded in redand declared ineligible00:28:19.439 --> 00:28:21.815for federally insured loans.00:28:21.815 --> 00:28:24.023The only waypeople could buy a home00:28:24.023 --> 00:28:27.815was through a practicecalled contract buying.00:28:28.898 --> 00:28:30.731- White speculatorsbought homes,00:28:30.731 --> 00:28:33.232then resold themto black families00:28:33.232 --> 00:28:35.439for two or three timestheir value,00:28:35.439 --> 00:28:37.857but the black familydidn't own the house00:28:37.857 --> 00:28:40.857until they fully paid it off.00:28:40.982 --> 00:28:46.315- If I have you in a contract,and things go along00:28:46.315 --> 00:28:47.439and you get laid offfrom your job00:28:47.439 --> 00:28:49.439and you miss a month,you could do it on one month--00:28:49.439 --> 00:28:51.731or miss two months--then you're out of that house.00:28:51.731 --> 00:28:53.982I evict you,and then I can recontract00:28:53.982 --> 00:28:56.857that same houseto another family.00:28:57.440 --> 00:29:00.190- Most people had to worktwo or three jobs00:29:00.190 --> 00:29:01.357to meet the payments.00:29:01.357 --> 00:29:05.815Often they couldn't affordto maintain the houses,00:29:05.815 --> 00:29:11.190so a lot of those structuresneeded to be torn down.00:29:11.439 --> 00:29:13.773- So when the federalgovernment made it illegal00:29:13.773 --> 00:29:16.565to give mortgagesin the black communities,00:29:16.565 --> 00:29:17.940it was a political decision00:29:17.940 --> 00:29:21.023to disinvestfrom those communities.00:29:21.357 --> 00:29:22.773You have banksmaking a decision:00:29:22.773 --> 00:29:24.940"Your house isn't worthreplacing the windows,00:29:24.940 --> 00:29:28.648"so we're not gonna give youa loan to replace your windows.00:29:28.648 --> 00:29:30.439"We're not gonna giveanyone a loan00:29:30.439 --> 00:29:32.357to buy your house from you. 